Bundesliga clubs spent a record amount during the summer transfer window, with the 18 teams investing €548 million (£461m) on new players, according to German football magazine kicker.
The figure is €140m more than was spent last summer, when the previous record of €287m, set in 2012, was smashed, but the amount is far lower than the £1.165 billion (€1.38bn) spent by Premier League clubs.
Borussia Dortmund account for more than one fifth of all transfer spending following their eight transfers this summer. BVB, last season's runners-up, invested a total of €115.2m for the services of Andre Schurrle, Mario Gomez, Sebastian Rode, Marc Bartra, Emre Mor, Ousmane Dembele, Mikel Merino and Raphael Guerreiro.
Die Transfersalden der Bundesligisten [Kicker] pic.twitter.com/CmgasQEsF8
- Rulebreaker09 (@Rulebreaker1909) September 1, 2016
Champions Bayern Munich also invested heavily, spending €70m on Mats Hummels and Renato Sanches.
Wolfsburg and newly promoted RB Leipzig follow with investments of around €50m each, and Bayer Leverkusen, Schalke and Hamburg -- who acquired 22-year-old Brazilian Douglas Santos, an Olympic gold medallist -- also spent more than €30m during the 2016 summer window.
Newly promoted RB Leipzig spent €47m more than they brought in. They are followed by Hamburg, whose net spend stands at €31.8m, and Leverkusen.
Schalke, who brought in Tottenham midfielder Nabil Bentaleb and Sevilla's Yevhen Konoplyanka on loan but collected €55m from Manchester City for Leroy Sane, made the biggest profit with €18m.
They are followed by Borussia Monchengladbach, who did not fully reinvest the reported €35m they received from Arsenal for Switzerland international Granit Xhaka.
A total of 11 players -- Pierre-Emile Hojbjerg, Henrikh Mkhitaryan, Ilkay Gundogan, Xhaka, Havard Nordtveit, Sane, Joel Matip, Loris Karius, Ron-Robert Zieler, Ragnar Klavan and Alexander Manninger -- left the Bundesliga for the Premier League, while two Bundesliga players -- Roy Beerens and Elias Kachunga -- joined Championship sides.
Bundesliga clubs' spending power will increase next year when the new TV deal comes into force. It is worth an annual €1.159bn across the 18 top-flight clubs.